🎯 High-Yield Points
- Mammography: annual from age 40-45 (guidelines vary); baseline at 40 for average risk
- Colonoscopy: every 10 years starting at age 45 for average risk; earlier with family history
- Pap smear: every 3 years ages 21-65; or every 5 years with HPV co-test ages 30-65
- Immunisations: flu vaccine annually; pneumococcal for >65 and immunocompromised
- BMI 18.5-24.9 normal; 25-29.9 overweight; >30 obese
[Concept Map: Health Promotion & Disease Prevention NCLEX Questions — Clinical Manifestations, Nursing Interventions, Priority Actions]
Practice Questions
Question 1
A nurse is teaching a 50-year-old woman about cancer screening. Which recommendation is CORRECT for colorectal cancer screening?
✓ Correct: Colonoscopy every 10 years starting at age 45
Current recommendations for average-risk adults: colonoscopy every 10 years starting at age 45 (ACS 2018 update lowered from 50 to 45). Clients with a family history of colorectal cancer should start screening at age 40 or 10 years before the youngest affected relative's age. Annual FOBT is an alternative but colonoscopy is preferred for direct visualisation and polypectomy.
Current recommendations for average-risk adults: colonoscopy every 10 years starting at age 45 (ACS 2018 update lowered from 50 to 45). Clients with a family history of colorectal cancer should start screening at age 40 or 10 years before the youngest affected relative's age. Annual FOBT is an alternative but colonoscopy is preferred for direct visualisation and polypectomy.
Question 2
A nurse is providing anticipatory guidance to parents of a 2-month-old infant. Which immunisations are expected at this visit?
✓ Correct: DTaP, IPV, Hib, PCV13, and Rotavirus
The 2-month immunisation schedule includes: DTaP (diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis), IPV (inactivated polio), Hib (Haemophilus influenzae type b), PCV13 (pneumococcal conjugate), Rotavirus, and Hepatitis B (2nd dose if not already given). MMR and varicella are given at 12-15 months. Flu vaccine starts at 6 months.
The 2-month immunisation schedule includes: DTaP (diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis), IPV (inactivated polio), Hib (Haemophilus influenzae type b), PCV13 (pneumococcal conjugate), Rotavirus, and Hepatitis B (2nd dose if not already given). MMR and varicella are given at 12-15 months. Flu vaccine starts at 6 months.
Question 3
A nurse is teaching a client about breast self-examination. Which instruction is MOST important?
✓ Correct: Perform BSE monthly and report any new lumps, dimpling, or changes to the provider
Monthly breast self-examination allows women to become familiar with their normal breast tissue and promptly identify changes. Any new lump, skin dimpling, nipple discharge, or change in shape or size should be reported to the provider. While BSE is no longer universally recommended as a screening tool in all guidelines, awareness of changes remains important. BSE does not replace mammography.
Monthly breast self-examination allows women to become familiar with their normal breast tissue and promptly identify changes. Any new lump, skin dimpling, nipple discharge, or change in shape or size should be reported to the provider. While BSE is no longer universally recommended as a screening tool in all guidelines, awareness of changes remains important. BSE does not replace mammography.
Question 4
A client with hypertension asks how much sodium is recommended daily. Which response is CORRECT?
✓ Correct: Less than 2,300 mg/day (one teaspoon of salt)
The American Heart Association recommends less than 2,300 mg of sodium per day for most adults, with an ideal goal of less than 1,500 mg/day for those with hypertension. One teaspoon of table salt contains approximately 2,300 mg of sodium. Sodium restriction is an important lifestyle modification even when antihypertensive medications are used, as it enhances medication effectiveness.
The American Heart Association recommends less than 2,300 mg of sodium per day for most adults, with an ideal goal of less than 1,500 mg/day for those with hypertension. One teaspoon of table salt contains approximately 2,300 mg of sodium. Sodium restriction is an important lifestyle modification even when antihypertensive medications are used, as it enhances medication effectiveness.
Question 5
A nurse is teaching a 65-year-old client about preventive health care. Which immunisations does the nurse recommend? (Select the BEST answer)
✓ Correct: Annual influenza vaccine and pneumococcal vaccine
Adults aged 65 and older should receive: annual influenza vaccine (recommended for all adults), pneumococcal vaccines (PCV15 or PCV20 if not previously vaccinated), zoster (shingles) vaccine at 50+, Tdap (if not previously received), and COVID-19 vaccines per current guidelines. Pneumococcal vaccine is particularly important for older adults due to increased risk of pneumonia. Flu and pneumonia are leading causes of preventable death in this age group.
Adults aged 65 and older should receive: annual influenza vaccine (recommended for all adults), pneumococcal vaccines (PCV15 or PCV20 if not previously vaccinated), zoster (shingles) vaccine at 50+, Tdap (if not previously received), and COVID-19 vaccines per current guidelines. Pneumococcal vaccine is particularly important for older adults due to increased risk of pneumonia. Flu and pneumonia are leading causes of preventable death in this age group.
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